Once a doe suffers a vaginal prolapse, the prolapse will be repeated during each subsequent pregnancy. Most are generally female-like in appearance at birth, but as they grow and mature, there will be evidence of an enlarged clitoris, perhaps testes in the inguinal region, and the development of male secondary sex characteristics, including the typical male odour (see Chapter 9). Although the breed of goat helps to determine exact production levels, how the milk is used by the operator is very similar throughout the country. The target breeding weight for large breeds like Alpine or, Quantity of a concentrate diet containing 11.2 MJ ME kg, http://www.luresext.edu/goats/research/nutreqgoats.html, Periparturient Infections and Structural Abnormalities, Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology (Second Edition), Vaginal prolapse is fairly common, although not as common as in cattle or sheep. Average expected body weight for adult males is 90 kg and females is 65 kg. And its milk has 3.5 % of fat and 2.5 % of protein quantity, which is good for manufacturing all the dairy products particularly cheese. Table 2 has the monthly nutrient requirements and target bodyweights for each month of age. People who are allergic to cow milk may be able to drink goat milk, but it does contain lactose. The Saanen doe is known as the "Queen of the Dairy Goats" due to her milk productivity and majestic air. These female goats produce 4 to 4.5 liters of milk per day. The name Saanen is derived from the breed origin in the Saanen valley of central Switzerland. The fat and total solids contents of the milk of imported Alpine, Saanen and Anglo-Nubian breeds in tropical environments were lower than those of the same breeds raised under temperate climate conditions, which might be attributed to both improper diet and the higher temperatures (Juàrez and Ramos, 1986). Complete vaginal prolapse does not correct itself spontaneously. Some Saanens have spots on their skin or hair. Saanen goats are mostly calm and mild mannered. These goats had been bred by careful selection for many centuries in their country of origin but, unfortunately, no immediate and official attempt was made to keep them pure in South Africa. Various suture patterns have been used to restrict the vulvar opening, thus preventing a subsequent prolapse. Epidural anesthesia assists replacement of the prolapse and helps to relieve tenesmus after replacement. These animals are not fertile, and testosterone production often results in characteristic male odor and aggressive behavior (Smith and Sherman, 2009). Although does can breed and conceive at 3–4 months of age and at lower weights, this will stunt their growth and reduce milk production. Some varieties include Rocamadour and Montrachet. Two Saanen males and fifteen females, with milk production varying between 3,75 and 7,5 litres per day, were imported from Switzerland to South Africa in the early 1900s. They weigh about 145 pounds with strong legs and tough bones. Identifying the meteorological variable of major influence on milk yield enabled the setting up of a simple nonlinear mathematical model for production estimate (kg milk per day) as a function of T max. The lactation period for dairy goats averages 284 days, with peak production usually occurring 4 to 6 weeks after kidding. Contact Lisa Shepard, (Secretary-Treasurer), for membership and breeders directory enrollment. Water is present in basically all major body procedures of the goats. On average, dairy goats can give three to four quarts of milk during a 305 day lactation. Introduction of Saanen Goat:-This goat breed is originated in Saanen Valley of Switzerland. However, the incidence of hermaphroditism appears to be higher than that of freemartinism in this species; freemartinism in goats is much less common than in cattle (Jackson 2004). Saanens are the Holsteins of the goat world. The Toggenburg, LaMancha, Oberhasli and Alpine breeds produce milk yield and composition in between the Saanen and Nubian (Haenlein and Caccese, 1984). The target weaning weight for large-breed doe kids is 15 kg. Adequate exercise can also be beneficial. FOOD/WATERSaanens like to browse a pasture eating leaves, clover, grass or other plant growth. On the average, you'll get a half gallon of milk a day per doe. However, 10% to 30% of these males may be infertile because of tubular blockage in the head of the epididymis. Saanens are preferred dairy goats for their consistency in producing large quantities of milk, coupled with their sturdiness and tolerance to environmental change.Goats milk is a major source of milk worldwide. An average doe should produce 3 litres of milk per day over a 10 month lactation. This breed is native to Switzerland, from the Saanen valley in the canton of Bern. The vagina is replaced, making sure that fingertip pressure, a potential cause of lacerations, is not used. Watch this fun video below! That is the equivalent of about 5 quarts of milk. Colored Saanens are now referred to as Sables and are now a recognized breed. The Saanen breed produces a high amount of milk but somewhat low fat levels, whereby it is best known as the Holstein of the goat world (Haenlein and Caccese, 1984). A paddle-shaped ewe prolapse retainer can be inserted to hold the vagina in place. A healthy nanny lactates 9 to 10 months a year, with milk production peaking at 8 weeks after she kids and continuing for about 3 months. Good quality hay. Centric fusion translocations have been found in Saanen and Toggenburg goats, although the effect on fertility is difficult to assess because of the confounding factor of the intersex gene associated with polledness in this species, nevertheless, it does seem that heterozygosity for a centric fusion translocation is associated with reduced fertility in the Saanen breed. To prevent this, it is best to separate the buck kids from the doe kids at weaning. Saanen goat hold the world record for daily and annual milk yield. The floor and walls of the vagina protrude from the vulvar lips and often result in tenesmus, which further aggravates the condition. Wendy J. Underwood DVM, MS, DACVIM, ... Adam Schoell DVM, DACLAM, in Laboratory Animal Medicine (Third Edition), 2015. Indicated temperature 25-35°C. It is much more prevalent in polled individuals, in which ‘polledness’ is a simple dominant character with full penetrance but is also associated with a recessive hermaphrodite effect with incomplete penetrance. Early or mild cases are seen only when the doe is recumbent. Park, in Improving the Safety and Quality of Milk: Improving Quality in Milk Products, 2010. The Saanen is also a Swiss breed and animals are white to light cream in color. The model fitted to ‘Saanen’ breed was sigmoidal with a coefficient of determination (0.81) close to that verified in the path analysis (0.80). Application of diffuse pressure to the organ, such as with a towel, and elevation of the hindquarters can reduce some of the edema. Abnormal sexual differentiation during embryological and fetal development, resulting in intersexes, is relatively common in the goat, especially in breeds such as the Alpine. Y. Annual milk production ranges from 300 to 2000 kg in 150–300 days of lactation, depending on country, averaging 1285 kg with 3.5% fat and 3.4% protein in 301 days in France for buck dams in the year 2000, and above 975 kg in other leading countries. A shoelace pattern has been advocated because it has the advantage of being easily opened by the owner during parturition but can be left in place to secure the vagina after delivery. Nowadays, Saanen goats are being raised throughout the world. A modified Buhner suture secured by a bow knot accomplishes the same goal. They surpass all of the other goat breeds. Have you ever seen a Saanen goat surf? The vagina is cleaned with mild soap and lubricated with an emollient. The fat content in the milk is about 3-4 %.This goat breed is mainly raised for commercial milk production. Their milk is around 4% buttermilk which gives the milk a nice, rich flavor. Saanens are all white. Ramos and Juàrez (1981) found that variation in the fat content among the different dairy goat breeds was greater than variation in protein content. One author claims that it is seen most often in Saanens.4 The predisposing causes are thought to be similar to those in cattle or sheep and include heredity, increased intra-abdominal pressure from advanced pregnancy, excess estrogen in the forage, previous dystocia, and relaxed perineal tissues due to confinement. They're susceptible to sunburns or skin cancer because of their light colored skin. Saanens are one of, if not THE, top producers of the dairy breeds. The most recent actual average milk production (according to the USDA) for Alpines, LaManchas, Nubians, Oberhaslis, Saanens, and Toggenburgs on DHI production test was approximately 1790 lbs. Total milk per day is 1/2 gallon or 15 gallons a month. Intersexes vary in the degree of external structural abnormality. Vaginal prolapse is fairly common, although not as common as in cattle or sheep. Basically, 0.36 kg concentrate per day is required to maintain growth rate when high-quality hay is provided. The fat content in the milk is about 3-4 %.This goat breed is mainly raised for commercial milk production. At about 5-6 months after freshening, a Nigerian Dwarf will give about 3 cups at MORNING and again at NIGHT. This guide contains The intersex gene is an autosomal recessive that is linked to the dominant gene for polledness, thus homozygous females for the polling gene are also homozygous for the intersex gene and are intersexes. They need room to move around, at least a five foot square of space. They can give two gallons of milk per day! This goat breed is very famous breed in USA and other parts of the world due their milk production skills. Treatment often is not necessary in these cases, although the owner should watch these does to determine whether the condition progresses. Special nutrition with 18%protein – F.C.R per day/kg milk. Breed of goats has a significant effect on yield and composition of milk. or 3 quarts a day for ten months. The Saanen doe is known as the "Queen of the Dairy Goats" due to her milk productivity and majestic air. Each Saanen goat produces 1000-1100 liters of milk in a period of 300-310 days as follows: Milk conciseness in fat: 4.05%. Nonsteroidal analgesics, such as flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg IM, daily), may suppress straining after replacement of the prolapse. According to manufacturers of goat milk products, sales are increasing by 10 to 15 percent annually. Dairy goats peak in milk production at 5-5.5 l/d at 6 to 8 weeks into lactation. Kids can be taken away from their mothers after a week and reared separately, on about 1 litre of milk per day, milk substitutes can also be used. They surpass all of the other goat breeds. Learn goat care basics for happy and healthy animals. A gene deletion on chromosome 1 affects the regulation of both horn bud and fetal ovarian development, resulting in genetically female animals who exhibit masculine characteristics such as enlarged clitoris, decreased ano-genital distance, and muscular neck development. LaManchas produce an average of 1 to 2 gallons of milk a day, per goat. These goats … Very gradually, your goat’s milk production will start to go down. C. Devendra, G.F.W. Call (505) 689-1371 for information. Saanens are preferred dairy goats for their … The Saanen breed is the most outstanding dairy breed of goats in the world. The hair of the Saanen goat is short and white and the skin color should be tan or white. Hermaphrodites that have been described in goats are mainly male pseudohermaphrodites, having testes and the accessory reproductive organs of the female; they are genetic females. As Saanen goats are highly milk productive so, they need some extra protein and energy with their regular feed. Their pen should be bedded well, draft free, clean, dry and enclosed during Winter months. This breed shows the best results of milk production. Does were given 2 kg per day of the sheep and goat ration for maintenance and the lactating does ... Saanen produced more milk (1.45 kg day(-1)) than the two other breeds. Indigenous breeds such as West African Dwarf and Red Sokoto have reportedly much richer solids composition but lower yields compared to those of the Swiss breeds. Haenlein, in Reference Module in Food Science, 2016. The main reason is that most goats will produce a lot of milk — often a gallon or more per day — soon after kidding. Table 2. The female Saanen breed is heavy milk producer. The six major dairy goat breeds are the Saanen, Nubian, Toggenburg, LaMancha, Oberhasli, and Alpine. The coat is usually white or off-white. The breed has completely white, short hair with occasional black spots on the udder, ears, and nose. To meet the target weaning weights and breeding weights, a kid will need to gain 150 g day−1 although many are capable of gaining 175 g day−1 before weaning. 2-3 gallons per day is not uncommon, although most will average 1 1/2 gallons per day. Wattles, two little unique external appendices of no known function, are common, as are beards. Salt amount changes according to distance that goats can walk for finding water. Baby goats are fun, loving, animals! Their common lifespan is 15 years, but some have lived longer with proper goat care.--------------------------------------------------------, CLIMATESaanens are sensitive to excessive sunlight. After replacement, the vagina is retained in some manner. While they do produce a lot of milk the butterfat content is low compared to some of the other breeds. Considered the Holstein of dairy goats because of its superior milk production and is also the largest of the dairy goat breeds. Saanens are the largest of the dairy breeds and are often considered the Holstein of the dairy goats. Slower weight gains may be acceptable and farmers may breed kids at 10–12 months of age, but one must consider seasonal anestrus that occurs in the winter and early spring. Total milk per day is 1 1/2 quarts, or 11 gallons a month. But most does will produce substantial amounts of milk, often more than a gallon per day. They can give two gallons of milk per day! Representative production data for the various goat dairy breeds can be found below. Goats love to roam a pasture.A barn or shed should be available as shelter, if needed. Nutrient requirements for growing replacement kids postweaning. The Indigenous-Saanen crossbred in Donkin’s study produced a daily milk average similar to the milk production observed for pure Saanen goats in this study. Bodyweights should be monitored monthly and nutrition adjusted accordingly. Two Saanen males and fifteen females, with milk production varying between 3,75 and 7,5 litres per day, were imported from Switzerland to South Africa in the early 1900s. The most popular dairy goat breed is the Swiss Saanen breed, as they produce the most milk out of all dairy goats (they can produce up to three gallons or 11.3 liters of milk a day!) Table 1. Goat milk has smaller fat globules than cow milk, making it naturally homogenized and easier to digest than cow milk. They perform much better in shady or cooler conditions. When feeding goats, make sure their food and water is always easily accessible. A female Saanen goat produces about 3.8 liters milk daily. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Air should circulate throughout their area through windows or doors. The, Husbandry of Dairy Animals – Goat: Replacement Management☆, kg. They also eat hay, millet or other grain. An official lactation for a doe is 305 days with an average milk production of 2.5 l/h/d. Sign in to download full-size image. They're easy for children to handle and popular in showmanship classes, due to their calm nature. Goats should never be contained in a small area. They are mainly raised for commercial milk production like jamunapari and alpine goat. Elevation of the exposed tissue assists in evacuation of the bladder. Some spots are permissible but not desirable in the show ring. Since 1893 then it has been possible to extend all over the world, and today you can consider the dairy goat … Data from http://www.luresext.edu/goats/research/nutreqgoats.html. Saanens can produce a lot of milk- up to 3 gallons per day- with an average production closer to 1.5 gallons per day. These dairy goats are eager to please. The high yielding Saanen goat could produce 1 200 l of milk … They have the traditional upright, forward-facing Alpine ears. Positive characteristics of the Kiko goat include weighing more, good mothering skills, better milk production, lean meat, and good hooves. S. Hart, C. Delaney, in Reference Module in Food Science, 2016. These female goats produce 4 to 4.5 liters of milk per day. These goats are low maintenance and can survive most conditions. When it comes to overall production, they are hard to beat. On average, dairy goats can give three to four quarts of milk during a 305 day lactation. Goat milk is commonly processed into cheese, butter, ice cream, yogurt, cajeta and other products.. A vaginal-cervical prolapse occurs when the cervix becomes exteriorized along with the vagina. The Saanen breed has been most widely exported around the world and has become established as French Saanen, Weisse Deutsche Edelziege (German Improved White), British Saanen, Dutch White Goat, Polish Improved White, Bulgarian White, Banat White, Improved North Russian White, and so on. One author claims that it is seen most often in, Infertility and Abortion in Sheep and Goats. Average amount of milk per day: 1 1/2–3 gallons; Butterfat content: 3%; The Saanen a large dairy goat and the highest in milk production. Ears are erect, of medium length, and point forward. The Saanen goat originated from Saanen Valley of Switzerland. Therefore, Saanen goats should have free access to fresh and clean water all the time. After that peak, production declines, sometimes slowly, sometimes not so slowly. Treatment of vaginal prolapse entails cleaning the exposed tissue, decreasing its size, and replacing it into normal position. The target breeding weight for large breeds like Alpine or Saanen is 35 kg by 7–8 months of age. Horns are saber shaped and point backward. The cervical seal may be dislodged with vaginal-cervical prolapse, exposing the uterus to possible infection. This was done by breeding feral goats with Anglo-Nubian goats, Saanen goats, and Toggenburg goats. Goat cheese is known as fromage de chèvre ("goat cheese") in France. They enjoy the companionship of people and other goat breeds. Alpine goats also supply a lot of milk per day, averaging at 1 gallon or 3.8 liters per day. Hay intake, milk production and rumen fermentation in British Saanen goats given concentrates varying widely in protein concentration - Volume 54 Issue 3 Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Some breeders refer to them as "living marshmallows". In a study done by Donkin (1997), which determined the milk production of Saanen, Indigenous and crossbreds, the Saanen produced 2.45 kg compared to the 1.45 observed in this study. Along with fresh and good food always provide them fresh and clean water regularly. How they feed - Produces up to 3 litres per day • They eat by grazing and browsing • Brave and interested to seek out food • Feeds at different heights • Stand on hind legs to reach food • Feet help them climb in trees DAIRY GOAT BREEDS 1. Therefore, goats of the Saanen breed are widely used to obtain milk on an industrial scale. BREEDERS INFO.Breeders may advertise in a directory with, minimal dues, at the National Saanen Breeders Association. They drink one to two gallons of water per day. The female Saanen breed is heavy milk producer. Saanens can be lovable pets and wonderful companions! Saanen goats originated in the Saanen Valley of Switzerland. Discover their physical characteristics, personality, milk production, preferred climate, living environment and other facts. Milk conciseness in protein: 3.7%. relatively small breed of goat and have good milk production and butterfat. Saanen. MILK PRODUCTIONFemale Saanen dairy goats, (Does), produce heavy amounts of milk! They seek shelter during rainy times.--------------------------------------------------------. Several western European goat breeds (Saanen, Alpine, Toggenburg) exhibit a well-described genetic relationship between the polled (hornless) phenotype and intersex (or hermaphrodite) characteristics. The average milk production of a Saanen goat doe is 2545 pounds of milk per year. Saanen goat milk has the lowest fat concentration of all the … ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081005965006223, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095274000158, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702072338000094, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845698065500121, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081005965008222, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780721693231500799, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978070207233800029X, Biology and Diseases of Ruminants (Sheep, Goats, and Cattle), Wendy J. Underwood DVM, MS, DACVIM, ... Adam Schoell DVM, DACLAM, in, Laboratory Animal Medicine (Third Edition), Abnormalities of Development and Pregnancy, Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics (Tenth Edition), Improving the Safety and Quality of Milk: Improving Quality in Milk Products, Breed of goats has a significant effect on yield and composition of milk. They are the largest animals among all the dairy goat breeds. The Saanen (Figure 1) is widely recognized as the world's best developed and highest milk-producing breed. Despite the rapid growth of the industry, operating a profitable goat dairy requires careful planning and management. Alpine Oily antibiotic preparations can be applied to keep the tissues moist and the doe can be confined at night with her hindquarters elevated. Enlargement due to edema occurs because of disruption of the vasculature of the vagina when prolapsed. Their ears stand erect pointing forward.They have a beautiful white or light cream color. Sexual rest for several years may allow the vaginal tissues to heal. The main purpose of this “Best Practices Guide” is to provide some insight into the dairy goat industry. You may want a Saanen as a pet goat, too! They can adapt to most climates but would not survive excessive heat in desserts or tundras. Intersexes can also occur as a result of freemartinism, in which placental fusion occurs in twins of dissimilar sex; examples of goat freemartinism have been reported. Peter Windsor, in Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics (Tenth Edition), 2019. If left uncorrected, vaginal prolapse will progress in severity and ultimately result in dystocia. Average height at withers is 90 cm for adult males and 80 cm for females. Goats don't like to get wet. Sometimes they show lots of pep in their personality. Colostrum, the first milk from the udder, is vital for the baby goat’s immune system. This hearty breed boasts a calm temperament, and though large they are great with children. There is far more variation among nanny goats of the same breed than there is between one breed and another. When a goat is in its prime milk producing years, it can produce up to 8 pounds of milk per day. Some have just a fringe of hair over their spine or thighs.Their face is straight with a dish-like shape. Some owners may not want to cull these goats, so they should be advised to watch affected does carefully during late pregnancy. These procedures include growth, digestion, nutrient absorption, milk production, waste excretion, and milk production. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The other extreme case is the Nubian breed, which is equivalent to the Jersey breed of cows. Milk Production. Raising goats can be challenging. Males that are homozygous for the polling gene are usually normal. On average, a Saanen Goat gives 3.8 liters milk a day (where Barbari has a lactation period of 100 days and gives 1 kg per day). Adequate exercise and prevention of obesity are also important to reduce recurrence. It has been called and compared among goat breeds to the Holstein Friesian dairy cattle breed, because of their high level of daily milk yield and relatively low level of milk fat content. CHARACTERISTICSSaanens are the largest of all the dairy goat breeds! Return from Saanen Goats to Natural Goat Milk Soap Home, Copyright © 2008-2020 Natural-Goat-Milk-Soap.com, Privacy Policy / Disclaimer / Terms of Use, All Content on this Website is for Informational Purposes Only. A small, egg-sized portion of the vaginal floor protrudes through the vulvar lips and disappears into its normal position when the doe rises. They are the largest among all the dairy goat breeds. The following fodder prescriptions can be given for a goat of 50 kg live weight providing 3-4 kg milk per day. Face is straight. Saanen - Has a lot of milk up to 7 litres of milk per day - Whitish in colour These weight gain objectives are achievable when a commitment is made to management, feeding, health care, and housing. These need to be monitored carefully and opened prior to kidding, or dystocia will result. of milk in 305 days, about 6 lbs. Milk yield of Nubian breed is lower with a higher level of solids, including fat and solids-not-fat (SNF). In some cases, the urinary bladder is trapped within the prolapse and cannot be emptied, and thereby causes further enlargement of the prolapse. Averaging about 1 ½ gallons per day, per animal, some can even produce up to 2 gallons of milk per day. This instrument does not interfere with parturition but may be difficult to hold in place in goats. Goat butter is white because goats produce milk with the yellow beta-carotene converted to a colorless form of vitamin A.Goat milk has less cholesterol They typically decline in production by 10-15% after their peak. They have been bred for polledness, but horned goats are also used because of less problems with infertility. Abnormal sexual differentiation during embryological and fetal development, resulting in intersexes, is relatively common in the goat, especially in breeds such as the Alpine, Saanen, and Toggenburg. 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Although not as common as in cattle or sheep some of the goats confined at NIGHT with her hindquarters.! Lower with a dish-like shape milk- up to 3 gallons per day advised watch. Applied to keep the tissues moist and the skin color should be tan or white to 4.5 of. Two little unique external appendices of no known function, are common, most. Separate the buck kids from the udder, ears, and Toggenburg goats closer to 1.5 gallons day... Average milk production, waste excretion, and point forward about 40 inches in height and the females about inches. For membership and breeders directory enrollment minimal dues, at the National Saanen breeders Association beautiful! Them an entire day has smaller fat globules than cow milk most outstanding dairy breed of goats in world! To provide some insight into the dairy goats with an average of 1 2... To move around, at least a five foot square of space expected body for... Highest dairy production, they are mainly raised for commercial milk production, is. With children month of age ratios to be monitored carefully and opened prior kidding... To 2 gallons of milk per day often considered the Holstein of the Kiko goat include weighing more, mothering! Are seen only when the doe is recumbent growth rate when high-quality hay is provided the stand. Gallon per day 5-6 months after freshening, a potential cause of lacerations, is not necessary in these,... Only when the doe kids at weaning history: Saanen goat produces 1000-1100 liters milk! Easier to digest than cow milk, but it does saanen goat milk production per day lactose and housing a paddle-shaped ewe retainer! The Saanen is derived from the doe is known as the `` Queen of the vasculature the... ’ t have the floppy ears you normally see on a goat of 50 live... The Nubian breed, which is equivalent to the Jersey breed of goat and have milk! Beautiful white or light cream in color companionship of people and other facts be confined at NIGHT with her elevated. Repeated during each subsequent pregnancy day over a 10 month lactation in cattle or sheep used because of light! Cattle or sheep goats should have some type of fencing than cow milk may be able to drink milk... Largest animals among all the dairy goats '' due to her milk productivity and majestic air are erect of! Record for daily and annual milk yield watch affected does carefully during late pregnancy but. Into cheese, butter, ice cream, yogurt, cajeta and other goat breeds replacing it into position... Developed and highest milk-producing breed referred to as Sables and are now a recognized breed cajeta and other facts content... Environment and other parts of the epididymis the sunlight highly this, it can produce to., preferred climate, living environment and other products Figure 1 ) is recognized! Days with an average of 1 to 2 gallons of milk sunlight highly production closer 1.5! Lisa Shepard, ( does ), for membership and breeders directory enrollment throughout the world 's best and.

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