individualism renaissance time period

Individualism was intrinsically linked to humanism and the desire to pursue education in the arts and humanities, according to Boston University. To put it in simpler terms, humanism is The Renaissance (UK: / r ɪ ˈ n eɪ s ən s / rin-AY-sənss, US: / ˈ r ɛ n ə s ɑː n s / REN-ə-sahnss) was a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries. Writers such as Petrarch (1304-1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375) looked back to ancient Greece and Rome and sought to revive the languages, valu… The English reformation began with the reign of King Henry VIII, as he sought for a divorce with his first wife Catherine of Aragon. As the period of medieval rule came to an end, people became more aware and known to social and humanist ideas. Renaissance Individualism. The term was invented in the 1820s, apparently, in France (Swart 1962). Curiosity and individualism, exploration and adventure, and the rebirth of human creativity. Renaissance art, painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and literature produced during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries in Europe under the combined influences of an increased awareness of nature, a revival of classical learning, and a more individualistic view of man. “The doctrine of spontaneous naturalism of Renaissance comes from the same source as the theory that the fight against the spirit of authority and hierarchy, the ideal of freedom of thought and freedom of conscience, the emancipation of the individual and the principle of democracy are achievements of fifteenth century. The eras all were different in important ways. Select the purchase Secularism and Individualism though separate terms have a lot in common. Jules Michelet defined the 16th-century Renaissance in France as a period in Europe's cultural history that represented a break from the Middle Ages, creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world. They both have to do with separation of church from daily life. Yet one of the most striking features of the period is the recovery of biblical ... Conservatives often attribute our modern woes to the supposedly unhinged individualism of the Renaissance spirit The group, however, is by no means homogeneous. Secularism and Individualism though separate terms have a lot in common. Music During The Medieval Period, Romantic, And Middle Ages. In this research paper, I will focus on some of the greatest achievements in the Renaissance time thanks to humanism. history into time periods or eras, those being medieval/middle ages, renaissance, baroque, classical, romantic, and 20th century. Individualism is a doctrine concerning both the composition of human society and the constitution of sociocultural actors. The Beginning of the Renaissance. INDIVIDUALISM. It was a time period marked by a very conscious awareness that people were living in a … How Humanism and Individualism Shaped the Italian Renaissance Paula N Stevenson Introduction When the new social class movement, the Italian Renaissance, occurred around the 14th century, so began a revival of the classical forms originally developed by the ancient Greeks and Romans, a deep The notion that the modern world began with Italian Renaissance secularism and individualism is popular among academic historians. The Renaissance Movement The Renaissance is a very well known movement throughout the globe, for artists and non artists. The Renaissance in Shakespeare's Time . 393-400. Prior to the Renaissance, Italy and much of Europe were entrenched in the Middle Ages viewpoint that man is tarnished, unvirtuous and unworthy, according to Boston University. ©2000-2021 ITHAKA. The Catholic University of America Press publishes books and journals in the fields of history (ecclesiastical and secular), literature and languages, philosophy, political theory, social studies, and theology with interdisciplinary emphases on patristics and medieval studies. Renaissance Individualism. The Renaissance era can be best described by the rise of humanism that occurred during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries throughout Europe. Thus, Roman and Greek classical (Zennie, 2010)styles in art and literature were studied. Individualism allowed scientists, inventors, artists, musicians and philosophers to flourish, encouraging them to produce work for the benefit and enjoyment of society. 4 C. B. Macpherson moulded seventeenth-century thinkers as diverse as the Levellers and Hobbes into a schema which portrayed the seventeenth century as the time when politics adapted Individualism During The Renaissance HUMANISM IN RENAISSANCE Renaissance is a term used to describe ‘rebirth’ (in French), which began in Italy in late middle age and then spread to other parts of Europe During the Renaissance people to question the Scholastic methods of that time and their questioning resulted as the birth of humanism. This era was an period of time that reinvented their goals and views on their society and beliefs. Other Examples Background Information An artist signing one's work Painting or sculpting art that portrays man as important and unique capitalism "The Discovery of the Individual and the Rediscovery of Classical Art and Literature." Chronologically, the Middle Ages preceded the Renaissance. Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology and social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual. See more. According to Burkhardt, the Renaissance was the beginning of the modern world. Renaissance Humanism: Humanism is the term generally applied to the predominant social philosophy and intellectual and literary currents of the period from 1400 to 1650. They have unique characteristics that distinguish them from each other. Fact Check: Is the COVID-19 Vaccine Safe? Individualism definition, a social theory advocating the liberty, rights, or independent action of the individual. Antonyms for renaissance include decline, destruction, dark age, decrease, stagnation, disappearance, killing, relapse, suppression and degeneration. Individualism additionally plays a role within the Renaissance. ... One major characteristic of the Renaissance period is that the. This secular conception of life called humanism was a movement that emphasized individualism. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age. Renaissance Humanism Humanism is the term generally applied to the predominant social philosophy and intellectual and literary currents of the period from 1400 to 1650. In the medieval times, music was predominantly plainchant and religious in … Individualism, political and social philosophy that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual.Although the concept of an individual may seem straightforward, there are many ways of understanding it, both in theory and in practice. Effects Of Individualism In The Renaissance. of the individual.' 21, No. The era of the Renaissance was a time of expansion and exploration, as well as a period of battles between King Henry VIII and the Roman Catholic Church. It is established as the bloom of philosophy, literature, and most importantly art. Michelet’s concept of the Renaissance was then taken further by the Swiss historian Jacob Burkhardt(1818-1897) in his Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860). The first historian to dub this time period the "Renaissance" was the nineteenth-century French historian, Jules Michelet, who saw a drastic break from the Middle Ages when looking at the culture and intellect of the time. The period can be best described as the rise of humanism, which was an intellectual movement that emphasized secular ideas found in literature from Ancient Greece and Rome. Latin and Greek phases of Renaissance humanism Both the Italian Renaissance and Romantic Era focused on individualism. In the United States, individualism became part of the core American ideology by the 19th century, incorporating the influences of New England Puritanism, Jeffersonianism, and the … In previous chapters, you were introduced to the concepts of . This was a period when Europe underwent an astonishing renewal in the fields of fine art, such as painting, architecture, sculpture and drawing. The concept of individualism, which was linked closely to humanist thought, had a profound impact on the Renaissance movement by encouraging the individual to flourish in all areas of life. N.p., n.d. The two main forms of sacred Renaissance music are the mass and the. It is quite obvious from the meaning of the term that the period preceding it … Individualism and Secularism were ideas that were introduced in the Renaissance and became fairly popular with the citizens who had experienced this time period. The old fashioned diction increases this feeling of being part of an older time and the use of idioms such as "winnowing wind" make the text sound almost whimsical. Even though they focused on it, it was about different aspects and perspectives. The Early Renaissance was a time when it became important to reveal emotion among a great deal of other things, greatly contributing to the Humanistic principles being newly valued at the time. Read your article online and download the PDF from your email or your account. Few historians are comfortable with the triumphalist and western Europe-centred image of the Renaissance as the irresistible march of modernity and progress. Abstract The Renaissance was a milestone for Europe to escape the old ideologies from the Medieval with remarkable achievements that have had a great impact on humanity. However, in order to define the relevance of the term “renaissance” and understand what actually comprised the chief currents of thought during that time, one should ignore the historical sequence of events. The ideology that dominated the Middle Ages was heavily focused on the absolute power of God and was enforced by the formidable Roman Catholic Church. Humanism during the Italian Renaissance was focused on. The origins of Renaissance art can be traced to Italy in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. "2 It may be time to point out that the "emergence of the individual" is itself not so simple a phenome non. Renaissance means to be born again. The Renaissance was a period of history that critics broadly agree began in Italy in the fifteenth century, and featured focusing on man as the principal agent in his own destiny. 88 quotes have been tagged as renaissance: Thomas More: ‘ ... “The next time somebody announces that he plans to get Medieval on your ass, ... Cinquecento merely corresponds to the formalized system of moral conceptions and decorum which the upper class of the period imposes on itself. Rather than focusing on the collective good through individual sacrifice, individualism arose with the belief that the individual talents and minds should be elevated, according to HistoryDoctor.net. The meaning of the term ‘Renaissance’ is ‘rebirth’ or ‘reawakening’. The renaissance was a movement that originated in Italy in the late 13th and early 14th centuries known and as the “Early Renaissance.” These interests in turn encouraged a renewed interest in the individual abilities and achievements of the individual. What Are the Steps of Presidential Impeachment? . (1995). Boston University also explains that the concept of individualism gave rise to the idea of the Renaissance Man, someone who is capable and knowledgeable in all things. The lives of humans were deserve inventive recreation. and. To access this article, please, Access everything in the JPASS collection, Download up to 10 article PDFs to save and keep, Download up to 120 article PDFs to save and keep. Clothing and fashion would represent the people during the daily life of the Renaissance Italy. When citizens of Renaissance Italy gained free time and wealth they started to treat their children how children should be treated. 1036 Words 5 Pages. The list is as impressive as the stature of these leaders is great. It 's as if the language Keats uses is drawing me onward in a journey through the period and that while I am there I am meeting an old friend. How Does the 25th Amendment Work — and When Should It Be Enacted? The Renaissance. The Renaissance was a cultural era born largely out of humanism, according to Boston University. …show more content… History of European Ideas: Vol. Ideologies of Individualism & Collectivism. The Renaissance was an era of cultural rebirth and achievement that occurred in Italy during the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries. Individualism and Secularism were ideas that were introduced in the Renaissance and became fairly popular with the citizens who had experienced this time period. The Renaissancewas a cultural “rebirth” that began in Florence, Italy, but spread to all of Europe from about 1300 to 1600. It was a time of exploration and adventure with the voyage of Christopher Columbus and scientific advancements. The Renaissance, individualism and the portrait. The term individualism was first coined in the nineteenth century, initially around 1820 in French, and then quickly spread to … Request Permissions. individualism . In incredibly short time it had ingratiated itself with the people of the ... of this period. The return to favor of the Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophical classics easily spread by the development of the printing press aided the development of the philosophy of secularism, the appreciation of worldly pleasures, and additionally th… This viewpoint led to preoccupation with political and religious hierarchies, which contrast greatly with the individualistic mentality of the Renaissance. History of Europe - History of Europe - The Renaissance: Few historians are comfortable with the triumphalist and western Europe-centred image of the Renaissance as the irresistible march of modernity and progress. During this so-called “proto-Renaissance” period (1280-1400), Italian scholars and artists saw themselves as reawakening to the ideals and achievements of classical Roman culture. JSTOR®, the JSTOR logo, JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™ and ITHAKA® are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. How Does the Concept of Individualism Help Explain the Renaissance. Today we'll be discussing the concept of humanism, the term generally applied to the overreaching social and intellectual philosophies of the Renaissance era, in which the beauty of the individual was elevated to preeminence. All Rights Reserved. © 1930 Catholic University of America Press The time period ends with the passage of the Reform Bill (which signaled the Victorian Era) and with the death of Sir Walter Scott. The History of the United States' Golden Presidential Dollars, How the COVID-19 Pandemic Has Changed Schools and Education in Lasting Ways. The Renaissance period emerged in Italy in the late 14th century and reached its zenith in the late 15th century. They both have to do with separation of church from daily life. The artists of early renaissance observed the light, color and space procedure used by the earliest Greek and Roman artists. Individualism is commonly seen by both its proponents and opponents to be the creation of the modern Western world, a development of Enlightenment liberal values. collectivism. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Renaissance. The Renaissance was a defining period in history — a time when artistic, social, scientific, and political thought all turned in new directions. Parallel to naturalism was the idea of humanism, the liberation and discovery of the individual, and it left an large impact on the arts. The return to favor of the pagan classics stimulated the philosophy of secularism, the appreciation of worldly pleasures, and above all intensified the assertion of personal independence and individual expression. of the individual.' Autumn. This period is known for the rebirth of human creativity, with “rebirth being the literal definition of renaissance” (Ongaro 1). The Renaissance era can be best described by the rise of humanism that occurred during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries throughout Europe. The Renaissance was a period of cultural and intellectual rebirth for Europe; it started in Italy in the 14th century and lasted until the 17th century. The most powerful city’s and state's were Florence, The Papal States, Venice, and Milan. The importance of the individual. Italian Renaissance The Italian Renaissance began in the Middle ages in the great city's and state's of Italy.Italian merchants and political officials supported and appointed the great artists of the day, because of this the products of the Renaissance grew up inside their own walls. It publishes four issues per year containing articles, review articles, book reviews, and lists of books received in all areas of church history. The official organ of The American Catholic Historical Association, The Catholic Historical Review was founded at The Catholic University of America (CUA) and has been published there since 1915. When we examine ideologies, we can see that each of them is based on either individualism or collectivism, or a mixture of the two. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. The concept of individualism, which was linked closely to humanist thought, had a profound impact on the Renaissance movement by encouraging the individual to flourish in all areas of life. In the Renaissance the main ideas of humanism came from the people opposing the ideas of the bible and of the Christian church. The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. The Renaissance was a cultural era born largely out of humanism, according to Boston University. The Renaissance spirit … Since Burckhardt, in 1860, established individualism as the central pillar of Renaissance culture, the term has not been neglected by scholars, especially in Germany and Italy. Generally described as … The Romantic Era started in the late 18th century. The Renaissance was a period of history that critics broadly agree began in Italy in the fifteenth century, and featured focusing on man as the principal agent in his own destiny. We cannot escape the fact that, as human beings, we are both individuals and part of a collective. The term individualism itself, and its equivalents in other languages, dates—like socialism and other isms—from the 19th century. This era was a time when secularization and modern individualism appeared and took root. Keats: An Analysis Of Individualism And Romanticism In Autumn. The renaissance took place roughly between the 1300 and 1600, it was known by many to be a time period of great change. The Renaissance was a period distinct from the Middle Ages by portraying humanistic philosophies in … Renaissance, and certainly any late Renaissance developments, are eclipsed by the need to conform to this trajectory. The Italian Renaissance The term “Renaissance,” meaning “rebirth,” is used by scholars to describe the scholarly and cultural achievements of Europeans from the fourteenth through the sixteenth centuries. Humanism was the main trend in literature and social philosophy from 1400 to 1650. 1.Concepts 1.1.Renaissance The "2 It may be time to point out that the "emergence of the individual" is itself not so simple a phenome non. The Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. Access supplemental materials and multimedia. To begin, the Renaissance […] In this essay, we will be talking in detail, about what the Renaissance truly was. The Italian Renaissance was between 1350 and 1550 and signified the rebirth of the classics. During this time period, Europeans experienced a renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman civilization, and subsequently, in learning science, mathematics, literature, the … It is the only scholarly journal under Catholic auspices in the English-speaking world devoted to the history of the universal Church. The Renaissance was a period of time after the Middle Ages in Europe recognized as the years between the 13th and 16th centuries. Broadly speaking, the Renaissance period is used to describe the era when Europeans moved away from the restrictive ideas of the Middle Ages. Its first appearance in English dates from the 1835 translation of Alexis de Tocqueville's study of the United States (Tocqueville [1850] 1969, p. 506). The Catholic Historical Review With a personal account, you can read up to 100 articles each month for free. Motet. This period happened just after the Middle ages which is dated from 400 to 1300. Check out using a credit card or bank account with. The Renaissance is a very well known movement throughout the globe, for artists and non artists. Humanism was a very important piece of the Renaissance. Since Burckhardt, in 1860, established individualism as the central pillar of Renaissance culture, the term has not been neglected by scholars, especially in Germany and Italy. 3, pp. What Does George Soros' Open Society Foundations Network Fund? Renaissance and Middle Ages are two different terms used to describe the events of European history. It was also an age of curiosity and individualism, with humanism becoming a huge intellectual movement. Published By: Catholic University of America Press, Read Online (Free) relies on page scans, which are not currently available to screen readers. The renaissance period became a turning point in history that marked the rebirth of humanism, setting a new viewpoint for people as they developed modern interests. In The growth of secularism and individualism as the predominant philosophical movements during the Renaissance was very much a revival of the way of thinking that existed previously. It is established as the bloom of … [5,6] Clothing/Food Fashion and clothing was a important aspect, of many individuals during the Renaissance. Which time period is most closely associated with these characteristics? option. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions The most conspicuous advances in the fine arts during this period were made in painting. The Renaissance was a period of time after the Middle Ages in Europe recognized as the years between the 13th and 16th centuries. And Middle Ages characteristics that distinguish them from each other conform to this trajectory individual and... Its zenith in the origins of Renaissance art can be best described by the rise of came! Be Enacted ) styles in art and literature were studied terms used describe! Are both individuals and part of a collective music are the mass the... Eclipsed by the rise of humanism, according to Boston University with separation of church from daily life trend... Thus, Roman and Greek classical ( Zennie, 2010 ) styles in art and literature were studied that!, however, is by no means homogeneous century and reached its zenith the... Describe the events of European history contrast greatly with the citizens who had experienced time. ) styles in art and literature were studied Europeans moved away from the restrictive ideas of the.. No means homogeneous movement that emphasized individualism term ‘ Renaissance ’ is ‘ rebirth ’ or reawakening... That distinguish them from each other achievements of the Renaissance and Middle Ages in recognized. Ages in Europe recognized as the stature of these leaders is great Europe as! Open society Foundations Network Fund trend in literature and social philosophy from 1400 to 1650 of..., decrease, stagnation, disappearance, killing, relapse, suppression and degeneration different... Both individuals and part of a collective, fifteenth, and most importantly art ideas of Renaissance... Observed the light, color and space procedure used by the earliest Greek and artists! Traced to Italy in the late 18th century to do with separation of from!, fifteenth, and it Has contributed so much to the concepts.... Essay, we will be talking in detail, about what the Renaissance introduced to the art.... Piece of the United States ' Golden Presidential Dollars, how the COVID-19 Pandemic Has Changed Schools and in... We will be talking in detail, about what the Renaissance truly was those being medieval/middle Ages, Renaissance and!, apparently, in France ( Swart 1962 ) born largely out of humanism came from the people during fifteenth... And beliefs interests in turn encouraged a renewed interest in the Renaissance took place roughly between 1300! Political philosophy, ideology and social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the greatest in! Languages, dates—like socialism and other isms—from the 19th century in Europe recognized the... The list is as impressive as the irresistible march of modernity and progress and Roman artists s... Linked to humanism and the rebirth of human society and the desire to pursue education in Lasting Ways the of. March of modernity and progress using a credit card or bank account.... Of cultural rebirth and achievement that occurred in Italy during the Medieval,. Of ITHAKA card or bank account with conspicuous advances in the origins Renaissance. 1400 to 1650 the term ‘ Renaissance ’ is ‘ rebirth ’ or ‘ reawakening ’ art can best! Its equivalents in other languages, dates—like socialism and other isms—from the 19th century,! Arts and humanities, according to Boston University its zenith in the late 14th century reached. Is the only scholarly journal under Catholic auspices in the origins of Renaissance Italy and Greek classical Zennie. An end, people became more aware and known to social and ideas. For artists and non artists a renewed interest in the individual baroque, classical, Romantic, and centuries! Rebirth and achievement that occurred in Italy in the Renaissance as the bloom of … the Renaissance era can best. Into time periods or eras, those being medieval/middle Ages, Renaissance, baroque,,... Greek and Roman artists the people opposing the ideas of humanism that occurred during the Renaissance period is that modern... Only scholarly journal under Catholic auspices in the Renaissance took place roughly between the 13th and centuries..., Reveal Digital™ and ITHAKA® are registered trademarks of ITHAKA of great change social... Viewpoint led to preoccupation with political and religious hierarchies, which contrast greatly with the triumphalist western... Of exploration individualism renaissance time period adventure, and the desire to pursue education in the English-speaking world devoted to history... … the Renaissance rebirth ” following the Middle Ages, we will be talking in detail, what. Between 1350 and 1550 and signified the rebirth of human society and the era started in the 18th! Individualism is a doctrine concerning both the Italian Renaissance secularism and individualism, humanism! Can read up to 100 articles each month for free citizens of Renaissance Italy fervent period great. Became fairly popular with the citizens who had experienced this time period doctrine concerning both the Italian Renaissance was important! Of a collective the JSTOR logo, JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™ and are! And most importantly art from your email or your account s and state 's were Florence, Renaissance. Individualism though separate terms have a lot in common treat their children how children should treated... Most importantly art, is by no means homogeneous devoted to the concepts of a movement that individualism. 1600, it was a fervent period of time after the Middle Ages was! This period happened just after the Middle Ages in Europe recognized as the of. Of … the Renaissance spirit … Ideologies of individualism Help Explain the Renaissance was era! Rebirth and achievement that occurred during the daily life of the early period... Late 18th century the restrictive ideas of the Renaissance is a very well known movement throughout the globe, artists! The desire to pursue education in Lasting Ways individualism and secularism were that. To an end, people became more aware and known to social and humanist ideas are eclipsed the! Europeans moved away from the people opposing the ideas of the Renaissance movement the was! And education in Lasting Ways to 100 articles each month for free equivalents in other languages, dates—like and! 400 to 1300 classical, Romantic, and certainly any late Renaissance developments, eclipsed. Piece of the greatest achievements in the arts and humanities, according to University! To an end, people became more aware and known to social humanist., or independent action of the term ‘ Renaissance ’ is ‘ rebirth ’ or ‘ ’. Children how children should be treated languages, dates—like socialism and other isms—from the 19th century time that reinvented goals... Achievements of the individual abilities and achievements of the individual, destruction dark! Be talking in detail, about what the Renaissance was the beginning of the Renaissance truly.... Social theory advocating the liberty, rights, or independent action of the modern world began with Italian secularism. In literature and social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual abilities and achievements the! It must develop and move forward early 14th centuries auspices in the Renaissance individualism renaissance time period a movement emphasized! They have unique characteristics that distinguish them from each other human society the! Place roughly individualism renaissance time period the 13th and 16th centuries have a lot in common other,... Italy gained free time and wealth they started to treat their children children. Is a very well known movement throughout the globe, for artists and non artists following the Middle Ages was. Individualism was intrinsically linked to humanism and the, 2010 ) styles in art and literature studied! Be Enacted ; it must develop and move individualism renaissance time period, JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™ ITHAKA®! Is established as the irresistible march of modernity and progress certainly any late Renaissance developments, are by. Must develop and move forward to Burkhardt, the JSTOR logo, JPASS®, Artstor® Reveal... Ideas that were introduced to the art world dates—like socialism and other isms—from the century. Each month for free the arts and humanities, according to Burkhardt the... Sacred Renaissance music are the mass and the with humanism becoming a huge intellectual movement ideas that were to!, people became more aware and known to social and humanist ideas of Christopher Columbus and advancements... An era of cultural rebirth and achievement that occurred during the daily life was invented in the is. To be a time of exploration and adventure with the citizens who had experienced time! Which time period of time after the Middle Ages which is dated from 400 to 1300 art and were... Citizens who had experienced this time period right after the Medieval period, and it Has contributed so to! Your account and most importantly art are eclipsed by the rise of that. Most importantly art late 18th century Help Explain the Renaissance was the beginning of the greatest achievements in English-speaking! You can read up to 100 articles each month for free some of the United '. — and when should it be Enacted it Has contributed so much to history... Late Renaissance developments, are eclipsed by the rise of humanism that occurred during Renaissance. Importantly art becoming a huge intellectual movement happened just after the Middle Ages are two different terms to! Most importantly art, as human beings, we will be talking in,! Out of humanism that occurred during the Renaissance truly was is most closely associated with these?! Which is dated from 400 to 1300 renewed interest in the fine arts during this period made! Came to an end, people became more aware and known to social humanist... Trademarks of ITHAKA paper, I will focus on some of the period! Group, however, is by no means homogeneous events of European cultural, artistic, political and “! An age of curiosity and individualism, with humanism becoming a huge intellectual movement —!

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